Author Topic: The River and The Closet  (Read 21452 times)

Offline tpe

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The River and The Closet
« on: Feb 02, 2006, 09:25 AM »
There is a magnificent review in the Washington Post: http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/02/01/AR2006020102477_2.html

In it, the reviewer argues convincingly for two symbols: the River and the Closet. 

1. The River of Homosexuality.

Homosexuality in "Brokeback Mountain" is always associated with a river: It's a great torrent of nature, which cannot be controlled and which provides sustenance, nurture, satisfaction, joy. The happiest image in the film, and the most poignant, is Ennis and Jack, off by their lonesome, pulling off their clothes and leaping off a cliff into the placid, welcoming waters below. Realistically, it's a river; metaphorically, it's the great river of homosexuality, and safe and free immersion in it is utterly joyful to them. Indeed, most of the two men's squabbling and (mostly off-camera) lovemaking takes place next to a river. It's glimpsed in many of the backgrounds, usually a turmoil of frothing white water to signify the rush and power of their love and lust for each other. Sometimes it's calming, it's always there for them, and they suffer at their imposed distance from it.

Contrast that with the imagery of family and hearth. These venues are expressions of the impoverishment of the heterosexual family lifestyle. Ennis lives in a shabby apartment where he is regularly assailed by his doughy, clueless wife (Oscar-nominated Michelle Williams). His children squall and make demands that he cannot satisfy; his wife clings and resents; we are pressed to identify with him and feel the pain he feels and the yearning he aches with as he lurches out to the "purity" of the river.

The same is true for Jack. His family is equally dysfunctional, fronted by a bully and braggart of a father-in-law who sells farm equipment in Texas. His wife, Lurlene (Anne Hathaway), is first glimpsed as an impossibly pretty young rodeo rider, but after the marriage she ages gracelessly into a chain-smoking harridan with big blond hair and bad teeth.


2. The Closet.

It's when the movie moves upstairs at Jack's parents' house that "Brokeback Mountain" achieves its true power and universality. The subject then becomes not homosexuality but closets, which Lee presents, again literally -- that's a real closet there -- and metaphorically. Ennis is alone in the room, but he feels a presence and looks into the closet where he's metaphorically lived the most meaningful and happiest days of the life. He ducks in as if prostrating himself before an altar, drops to his knees and, hidden way in the back, finds Jack's shirt, smeared with blood from a fight they'd had; and within Jack's shirt is his own shirt, with his blood from the fight. It's all that remains of Jack, and this man, who can ride and rope and fight (we've seen that) and kill (coyote and elk) finally has a tender moment as he brings the garments to his face and rubs them against his cheek. Presumably the people who will be sickened by that sight have either a) not come in the first place or b) left an hour or so earlier after the first scene in the tent. Those of us who are left get the full emotional weight of the scene as the repressed man finally allows himself the redemptive pleasure of a little expression.

We see the shirts again shortly; now, however, their order has been reversed, so that Ennis's shirt encloses Jack's, in a gesture, too late but all the more poignant for it, of protection. The site of the shirt, however, is still the closet: It's Ennis's closet in his trailer where he lives alone, essentially an exile from each society, gay and straight. On the inside of the closet door, he has taped a photo of what may be the actual Brokeback mountain, or just a mountain that his imagination has taken as Brokeback. It's an image of paradise, as the whole train of mountain imagery is generally glorious, going all the way back to James Hilton's Shangri-La. The picture makes homosexual America a Shangri-La.

But when he opens the door, it swings out on its hinges and comes to rest against the wall. By a cleverness of design that is brilliant, it is next to the window of the trailer, and through the window, we see another America. The composition of the shot is genius-level work. Both images are framed -- the mountain by the frame of the photo, the reality by the frame of the window, and both are enclosed in a third frame, the screen. The meaning is clear: the movie is offering choices. Shangri-La or . . . ?

And what's the image of the real America through the window? Why it's flat. It's a dreary rural wheatscape, if you will, with no features to interest the eye, no textures to assuage the soul. There's nothing interesting to it. It expresses someone's idea of repressed America, where gay men are forced to bury their personalities and violent conformism is the rule of the day. To paraphrase Gertrude Stein, there's no there there.


My question:  do you agree with these symbols?  I think the reviewer's arguments are magnificent.  Do they really mean anything in the movie?






Offline monicita

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Re: The River and The Closet
« Reply #1 on: Feb 02, 2006, 09:53 AM »
I agree with the closet image, wholeheartedly. But the other one, the river: I was very much put off by some of the other arguments brought to bear in the article, concerning the river image of "free" homosexuality versus "boring" family life.

I quote:

"In fact, generally, the movie is cruel to family. It seems to think family is a bourgeois delusion; Ennis's poor daughter ends up in a gaudy Trans Am owned by her fiance, a harbinger of roughneck disaster to come. Jack's boy is simply forgotten about; his ultimate pain -- and it will be considerable -- is not commented upon.

The movie also misses the deepest joy of family, which is that sense of connection to the great wheel of life. Giving birth to, educating and loving a kid are among the profound joys of human existence. "Brokeback Mountain" cannot begin to imagine such a thing; that reality simply is not on its radar, and if you looked at the story from another vantage -- the children's -- it would be a different tale altogether: about greedy, selfish, undisciplined homosexuals who took out a contract in the heterosexual world, and abandoned it. They weren't true men; they failed at the man's one sacred duty on Earth, which is to provide"

True, one might argue that Ennis is not a very good father, and Jack is willing to leave his family for Ennis, at the drop of a hat. But in some subtle way the author of the article makes it look as if that were mainly to do with their being gay. By the way: I'm convinced that family often enough is more a burden than a blessing. And that there are many lifestyles out there, just as important and valuable. So, maybe I just can't stand the way she sneaks in family values through the back door, here.

monicita
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Offline tpe

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Re: The River and The Closet
« Reply #2 on: Feb 02, 2006, 10:00 AM »
I agree with the closet image, wholeheartedly. But the other one, the river: I was very much put off by some of the other arguments brought to bear in the article, concerning the river image of "free" homosexuality versus "boring" family life.

I quote:

"In fact, generally, the movie is cruel to family. It seems to think family is a bourgeois delusion; Ennis's poor daughter ends up in a gaudy Trans Am owned by her fiance, a harbinger of roughneck disaster to come. Jack's boy is simply forgotten about; his ultimate pain -- and it will be considerable -- is not commented upon.

The movie also misses the deepest joy of family, which is that sense of connection to the great wheel of life. Giving birth to, educating and loving a kid are among the profound joys of human existence. "Brokeback Mountain" cannot begin to imagine such a thing; that reality simply is not on its radar, and if you looked at the story from another vantage -- the children's -- it would be a different tale altogether: about greedy, selfish, undisciplined homosexuals who took out a contract in the heterosexual world, and abandoned it. They weren't true men; they failed at the man's one sacred duty on Earth, which is to provide"

True, one might argue that Ennis is not a very good father, and Jack is willing to leave his family for Ennis, at the drop of a hat. But in some subtle way the author of the article makes it look as if that were mainly to do with their being gay. By the way: I'm convinced that family often enough is more a burden than a blessing. And that there are many lifestyles out there, just as important and valuable. So, maybe I just can't stand the way she sneaks in family values through the back door, here.

monicita

Hi monicita.  Yes, I tend to agree more on the closet imagery, but I must admit that the argument about the river is cleverly constructed. 

I have to admit that a symbolism attached to closets sort of bypassed me.  Should I be ashamed to admit this?   Kinda.  ;)

Offline monicita

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Re: The River and The Closet
« Reply #3 on: Feb 02, 2006, 10:06 AM »
I didn't get the closet image of Ennis in Jack's room either. But no, nothing to be ashamed of. Rather, we should be happy that there are so many new and interesting things to experience in BBM, even though we have been interpreting it for weeks and months now. That's what I like about a great work of art!

monicita
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Offline tpe

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Re: The River and The Closet
« Reply #4 on: Feb 02, 2006, 10:12 AM »
I was looking at Froggy's thread about BBM symbols this morning (in 'Your Review & Thought') and go to read this review after that.  This movie has so many 'trails' to follow and enjoy, and reading this article affirmed this. 

Also, the reviewer also says that in the scene in Jack's room, Ennis seems to be beckoned by a presence into the closet.  I recall that someone posted exactly this same impression.  Powerful stuff.

Offline monicita

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Re: The River and The Closet
« Reply #5 on: Feb 02, 2006, 10:15 AM »
Yes. powerful stuff. And thanks for the pointer about BBM symbols. I was just following the which scene do you hate the most thread and came upon the scene where Ennis peels the potato instead of looking at Ennis naked. There's a great symbol for you: objects substituted for desire/love/lust. He has to look at the potato because he can't allow himself to look at Ennis...

monicita
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Offline tpe

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Re: The River and The Closet
« Reply #6 on: Feb 02, 2006, 10:18 AM »
Yes. powerful stuff. And thanks for the pointer about BBM symbols. I was just following the which scene do you hate the most thread and came upon the scene where Ennis peels the potato instead of looking at Ennis naked. There's a great symbol for you: objects substituted for desire/love/lust. He has to look at the potato because he can't allow himself to look at Ennis...

monicita

Don't even get me started on this scene.  Gyllenhaal was superb in this one. :)

Offline Allan

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Re: The River and The Closet
« Reply #7 on: Feb 02, 2006, 11:57 AM »
Folks... shirts hang in closets.  That's what you do with them.  It's not mysterious.  What is important is that they are hidden in Jack's closet.  In the story, Ennis hangs the shirts on a nail in his trailer, in the open, and NOT in that awful Little closet in which they appear in the film (it is very significant to me that Alma Jr.'s sweater also goes in that closet after it has been inhaled, just as Ennis did the shirts).  I think that we have to be careful to not assign weighty significance to what may be an every-day event that just happens to fit into a theme.

As for the river... oh, yes.  But it's not just the river... it's the mountains... the sky... the hail... the snow... and the moon.  Here's where I really fall apart.  I'm good at symbolism in Western culture, but I'm clueless when it comes to the East.  I hope that someone who really understands yin-yang will write a piece about what the "forces of nature" represent in Eastern culture and how they apply to Mr. Lee's extraordinary film.

There's one (at least one) item that Mr. Hunter missed in the Washington Post piece:  The love scene in the Motel Siesta.  In the movie, there's no river running through it... but in the story Ms. Proulx says: "They went off in Jack?s truck, bought a bottle of whiskey, and within twenty minutes were in the Motel Siesta jouncing a bed. A few handfuls of hail rattled against the window, followed by rain and a slippery wind banging the unsecured door of the next room then and through the night."  It looks like the "forces of nature" follow our boys wherever they go.

I, mostly, like Mr. Hunter's essay (it is an essay, not a review).  But what I mostly like is that it was there... that the film continues to make deep impressions, that there will be more and more essays and articles, and that more and more people will be touched by the story.

Allan

Offline rabjr1

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Re: The River and The Closet
« Reply #8 on: Feb 02, 2006, 12:18 PM »

 They weren't true men; they failed at the man's one sacred duty on Earth, which is to provide"


I must take umbrage at the above.  Me thinks that you have pushed civilization back to the stone age.  It has taken men a long time to get out of the mindset that all women should be kept in the kitchen, barefoot and pregnant....or they are not true women?
RAB aka Raoul The Really Rotten

Offline cybernaut

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Re: The River and The Closet
« Reply #9 on: Feb 02, 2006, 12:21 PM »
The symbols didn't do it for me.  :(

Its more of The Mountain called Brokeback (their safe haven) AND The Shirt (that reminds them why they love each other).

Its not hard to tell because Annie Proulx has laid out so nicely for the readers.

That postcard that looks like Brokeback and the shirt hanging behind a wardrobe door dressed in a certain way.
Everything that symbolises their relationship are aptly contained in the two items. :)
I'm saying a prayer of thanks... that you didn't bring your harmonica!

Offline tpe

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Re: The River and The Closet
« Reply #10 on: Feb 02, 2006, 12:34 PM »
Always good to hear differences in opinion.

I like the idea of the closet as a symbol.  As I said, the Washington Post article contructs the arguments cleverly enough.  Even the purported use of the river as a symbol is plausible, given that the image of running water does seem to figure prominently in most of the shots on the mountain.  Naturally, we expect camping sites to be close to streams (out of necessity), but I think there is room enough here to play with the images on various levels.  You can take things as you see fit.

Is the Washington Post article being rhetorical in its discussion about these symbols?  Perhaps.  But like every great film, there is always more to it than was originally intended by the director and the cast.  That's because we all have different perceptions, in a way.  And some images resonate better with some than in others.
« Last Edit: Feb 02, 2006, 12:36 PM by tpe »

Offline kcristob

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Re: The River and The Closet
« Reply #11 on: Feb 02, 2006, 12:34 PM »
I, mostly, like Mr. Hunter's essay (it is an essay, not a review).  But what I mostly like is that it was there... that the film continues to make deep impressions, that there will be more and more

Excellent post Allan.  And I agree with all of it - but especially like what I quoted above.  This film continues to (in the words of Heath) present more questions than answers.  The film, story, screenplay all continue to haunt as well as create conversation.  I saw my forth viewing about a week and a half ago, and yet again this whole morning, as I was getting ready for work - it is STILL all I thought about.

What a brilliant film (and story and screenplay):  layers upon layers upon layers

And what a gift to us all

Offline rabjr1

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Re: The River and The Closet
« Reply #12 on: Feb 02, 2006, 12:35 PM »

 They weren't true men; they failed at the man's one sacred duty on Earth, which is to provide"


I must take umbrage at the above.  Me thinks that you have pushed civilization back to the stone age.  It has taken men a long time to get out of the mindset that all women should be kept in the kitchen, barefoot and pregnant....or they are not true women?

must thnk happy thoughts otherwise I am liable to switch the 14 double espressoes a night for single malt scotch and then try to find the razor blades I hid before I went to see BBM for the first time......
RAB aka Raoul The Really Rotten

Offline cybernaut

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Re: The River and The Closet
« Reply #13 on: Feb 02, 2006, 12:45 PM »
Quote
Excellent post Allan.  And I agree with all of it - but especially like what I quoted above. 

Nah, still didn't work for me. I thought the article was more about filling spaces on the column than simplifying for the audience, which Annie Proulx and Ang Lee have done so well and yet the story has that mysterious complexities for us to discover more.

I guess different strokes for different people.
I'm saying a prayer of thanks... that you didn't bring your harmonica!

Offline manila_rocks

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Re: The River and The Closet
« Reply #14 on: Feb 02, 2006, 12:47 PM »
I find the statement "the great river of homosexuality" to be "too much" or "over the cop" as you say in America.   

In my country we have a saying:   Ang hindi marunong magmahal sa sariling wika, daig pa ang malangsang isda.

I think this sums it up.

Offline manila_rocks

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Re: The River and The Closet
« Reply #15 on: Feb 02, 2006, 01:01 PM »
After additional thought, I am not so opposed to the symbolism of the river.   It does denote movement and flow.  However, I think a river could be equally applied to just about anything as all of life is about flow.

Actually, Jack and Ennis relationship is more about stagnation than flow.   But overall there is movement in their lives.  They marry, raise children, and die.  Jack dies in reality and Ennis figuratively.


Offline monicita

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Re: The River and The Closet
« Reply #16 on: Feb 03, 2006, 08:36 AM »


In my country we have a saying:   Ang hindi marunong magmahal sa sariling wika, daig pa ang malangsang isda.




Say what????  :-X

monicita
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Offline Sitaram

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Re: The River and The Closet
« Reply #17 on: Feb 03, 2006, 09:46 AM »


In my country we have a saying:   Ang hindi marunong magmahal sa sariling wika, daig pa ang malangsang isda.




Say what????  :-X

monicita

In the Philippines, approximately 70 different languages are spoken.  The above saying is in Tagalog.  In the 1970s, Tagalog was chosen as the official language of the Philippines.  About 70 percent of the population can speak Tagalog, in addition to their own language (e.g. Visayan, Pangalatok, Ilocano, etc.) and in addition to English, since grade school, high school, and college study is conducted in English.   I should point out that people who speak one language are clueless as to what is being said in any of the other 70 languages, although those 70 languages are, I believe, all derived from the Micronesian family of languages.

The above saying means, roughly, "He who does not love his own native language is worse than a foul (stinking, spoiled) fish."
« Last Edit: Feb 03, 2006, 10:30 AM by Sitaram »
Words Transform the World (one person at a time).

Offline septuaginarian

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Re: The River and The Closet
« Reply #18 on: Feb 05, 2006, 11:09 PM »
Hello,

The reviewer's characterization of Alma as "cluless" is over the top. Actually, knowing what she knew, and telling Ennis she would have his babies if he would support them, was longsuffering of Biblical proportions.
« Last Edit: Feb 25, 2006, 05:12 PM by septuaginarian »
septuaginarian

Offline manila_rocks

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Re: The River and The Closet
« Reply #19 on: Feb 05, 2006, 11:17 PM »
Sitaram.   Thank you for translating :)     

p.s.  regarding this thread, I have been reflecting on the closet and can't believe I never, in my early viewings, thought about the significance.   Jack was literally "in a closet" and had no one with which to share his secrets.

That must have been so challenging not having even one person to talk with.  Unless in later years he spoke with the blabbered mouthed SMU blonde girls husband. The one with "the fishing cabin".

« Last Edit: Feb 06, 2006, 12:11 AM by manila_rocks »

Offline septuaginarian

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Re: The River and The Closet
« Reply #20 on: Feb 06, 2006, 12:19 AM »
Sitaram,

He took the shirts away in a plain, brown wrapper.
septuaginarian

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Re: The River and The Closet
« Reply #21 on: Feb 06, 2006, 10:45 AM »
I think the river scenes in BBM suggest something more like the Pre-Socratic philosopher, Heraclitus:

FRAGMENT 12
(quoted in Arius Didymus, )

On those who step in the same river, different and different waters flow . . .[/b]

This is the most famous passage in Heraclitus. This curious riddle implies two things: 1.) that the world is in constant change (different and different waters flow); 2.) the world is one unified whole (the river) which is constant yet contains this perpetual change.*[/i]

Ennis’ and Jack’s fates are different but ineluctable. One and the same irreversible (and downhill) stream carries them there.

_________________________________________
*[http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/GREECE/HERAC.HTM]
septuaginarian

Offline tpe

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Re: The River and The Closet
« Reply #22 on: Feb 06, 2006, 10:57 AM »
I think the river scenes in BBM suggest something more like the Pre-Socratic philosopher, Heraclitus:

FRAGMENT 12
(quoted in Arius Didymus, )

On those who step in the same river, different and different waters flow . . .[/b]

This is the most famous passage in Heraclitus. This curious riddle implies two things: 1.) that the world is in constant change (different and different waters flow); 2.) the world is one unified whole (the river) which is constant yet contains this perpetual change.*[/i]

Ennis’ and Jack’s fates are different but ineluctable. One and the same irreversible (and downhill) stream carries them there.

_________________________________________
*[http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/GREECE/HERAC.HTM]


Or perhaps we can draw an analogy with Lethe, the river of forgetfulness...

Offline manila_rocks

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Re: The River and The Closet
« Reply #23 on: Feb 06, 2006, 12:15 PM »
Hades Rocks.    And so does your analogy  ;D

Offline tpe

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Re: The River and The Closet
« Reply #24 on: Feb 06, 2006, 12:25 PM »
Hades Rocks.    And so does your analogy  ;D

Thanks manila_rocks.  I shall be visiting your city in a week's time.  Perhaps there would be time to meet and have further discussion... :)

I checked that the premiere showing of BBM in Manila is February 10.  Do not lose the opportunity to  attend this!

Sorry for this aside.  Let us get back to the topic at hand...  :)

Offline manila_rocks

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Re: The River and The Closet
« Reply #25 on: Feb 06, 2006, 12:54 PM »
 :o

Offline septuaginarian

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Re: The River and The Closet
« Reply #26 on: Feb 07, 2006, 06:06 PM »
I'm disappointed that no one picked up on my Reply #21 to this topic quoting Annie Proulx at length from People in Hell Just Want a Drink of Water (Wyoming Stories).

The quote really is worth a slow, medtative, read.  I have a hunch its what the "fixed mass" of natural backround in Ennis and Jack's life on Brokeback contributes to their tragedy.

Thank you, Allan, you came closest to this insight on your own:


As for the river... oh, yes.  But it's not just the river... it's the mountains... the sky... the hail... the snow... and the moon. 

What we have here is not just "purple mountain majesties, above the fruited plain":

Please read People in Hell... to find out what befell Rassmusen: you will understand Jack better for it.
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Offline manila_rocks

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Re: The River and The Closet
« Reply #27 on: Feb 07, 2006, 06:09 PM »
"above the fruited plain"

Is this a reference to Jack and Ennis sexuality?

Offline septuaginarian

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Re: The River and The Closet
« Reply #28 on: Feb 07, 2006, 10:35 PM »
Hello, manilla_rocks,

I’m glad respond to you directly. I have enjoyed your many, thoughtful posts.

I’ll come back to your question whether the “plains” refers to Ennis’ and Jack’s sexuality at the end of this comment.
 
I want to quote again (see my Reply #20 to this topic) a passage from another of Annie Proulx’s stories that I think spells out the significance of landscape in Brokeback mountain.

You grasped the tragic drift of half of the following quotation, manila_rocks, simply and elequently when you said, “all of life is about flow."

But the passage below implies that the flow of Ennis’ and Jack’s life is lived out in a “fixed mass” of landscape  in which the tragedies of people count for nothing.

Note allusions to fixity that occur in the following passage:

wind from the turning of the earth

grassy plain everlasting

stones like fallen cities

the flaring roll of sky

nor cruelty, no accident nor murder… delays the flood of morning light

Only earth and sky matter. Only the endlessly repeated flood of morning light

 You stand there, braced. Cloud Shadows race over the buff rock stacks as a projected film, casting a queasy, mottled ground rash. The air hisses and it is no local breeze but the great harsh sweep of wind from the turning of the earth. The wild country-indigo jags of mountain, grassy plain everlasting, tumbled stones like fallen cities, the flaring roll of sky-provokes a  spiritual shudder. It is like a deep note that cannot be heard but is felt, it is like a claw in the gut.

Dangerous and indifferent ground: against its fixed mass the tragedies of people count for nothing although the signs of misadventure are everywhere. No past slaughter nor cruelty, no accident nor murder that occurs on the little ranches or at the isolate crossroads with their bare populations of three or seventeen, or in the reckless trailer courts of mining towns delays the flood of morning light. Fences cattle, roads, refineries, mines, gravel pits, traffic lights, graffiti’d celebration of athletic victory on bridge overpass, crust of blood on the Wal-Mart loading dock, the sun-faded wreaths of plastic flowers marking death on the highway are ephemeral. Other cultures have camped here a while and disappeared. Only earth and sky matter. Only the endlessly repeated flood of morning light. You begin to see that God does not own us much beyond that.*

(I can’t help but believe that Annie Proulx’s “wild country-indigo jags of mountain, grassy plain everlasting” in this context is a poke at the relatively banal “Purple mountain majesties, above the fruited plain” from ‘America the Beautiful’.)

Brokeback Mountain is about the flow of human life seen against the fixity of the landscape.

Ennis’ and Jack’s tragedy hurts us because, seen against the landscape, they both are so ephemeral.

manila_rocks, to your question, Is the plain a reference to Ennis’ and Jack’s sexuality.You got me thinking about a reference to the prairie/plain when Ennis passes the little cemetery, leaving Jack’s parents’ house (not in the movie, but in the story):

...a tiny fence square on the welling prairie…, and (Ennis) didn’t want to know Jack was going in there, to be buried in the grieving plain.\

The grieving plain and welling prairie, a pale alternative to Brokeback Mountain, have to serve Ennis for joy and release: the pillow sometimes wet, sometimes the sheets.

____________

* Prologue of Annie Proulx, ‘People in Hell Just Want a Drink of Water’ (“Close Range: Wyoming Stories):
 
septuaginarian

Offline Sitaram

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Re: The River and The Closet
« Reply #29 on: Feb 08, 2006, 05:41 AM »
"above the fruited plain"

Is this a reference to Jack and Ennis sexuality?

This particular phrase is to found in a patriotic song:

"O, beautiful, for spacious skies
For amber waves of grain
For royal mounted majesties
Above a fruited plain.
America, America,
God shed His grace on thee,
And crown thy good
With brotherhood*
From sea to shining sea."

*Note: In recent years, the word brotherhood has been changed to neighborhood, to be gender inclusive and politically correct.

The reference to people in hell wishing a drink of water reminds me of the Gospel story of the poor man, Lazarus, who, during life, sat outside the home of a wealthy man, who ignored his needs, while the dogs were compassionate enough to lick Lazarus' wounds. But after both Lazarus and the rich man die, Lazarus is comforted in the bosom of Abraham, while the rich man, tormented by thirst, asks Abraham to send Lazarus down to him, if only with a moistened finger dipped in cool water, but is informed that this is impossible.  The story is about compassion, and the consequences of a lack of compassion.
Even the dogs display greater compassion to Lazarus than does the rich man.  Elsewhere, we see mention of someone who works their own salvation by an act of compassion so simple as giving a drink of water to someone of little consequence.


All this makes me think about Ennis and Jack with respect to compassion.  In what way is each compassionate to the needs of others?  In what sense is either lacking in compassion?
« Last Edit: Feb 08, 2006, 05:50 AM by Sitaram »
Words Transform the World (one person at a time).